Pharmacovigilance of antiretroviral dolutegravir in the state of Paraná

The aim of this study was to investigate adverse reactions to Dolutegravir, a drug recently made available by the Unified Health System (SUS) for treating HIV infections. The frequency, severity and sex distribution of adverse reactions to Dolutegravir were identified over the first 18 months of its availability in users in the state of Paraná. Information was obtained through the pharmacovigilance questionnaire prepared by the Ministry of Health, accessed through the Logistics Control System for Medicines(SICLOM). During the study period, dolutegravirwas dispensed to 9,865 patients in the state. However, 9,207 users (93.3%) answered the pharmacovigilance questionnaire. Among them, 1.75% reported 279 adverse reactions. This population was composed mainly of male people (69.57%), in the ratio of 2.29 men for each woman, white (67.08%), aged between 20 and 29 years (26.71%), single (45.34%) and with education between 8 and 11 years of study (41.61%). Gastrointestinal (36.92%) and nervous system (14.34%) disorders were the most prevalent. 77.78% adverse reactions were considered non-serious by users. It can be concluded that dolutegravirhad a low prevalence of adverse reactions in users in the state of Paraná, demonstrating to be safe for use by the population in therapy against HIV, in accordance with clinical trials.

Prevalêcia de sobrepeso e obesidade em individuos com HIV/AIDS: uma revisão integrativa / Prevalêcia of overweight and obesity in individuals with HIV/AIDS: an integrative review / Prevalecencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en personas con VIH/SIDA: una revisión integrativa

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a literatura acerca da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em indivíduos vivendo com HIV/AIDS. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa utilizando as bases de dados BVS, SciELO, LILACS, Science Direct, Cochrane Library e MEDLINE/PubMed segundo o instrumento pensado por Pompeo, Rossi e Galvão, com uso dos descritores em DeCS "sobrepeso", "obesidade", "hiv". Foram selecionadas publicações entre 2012 e 2020 em inglês, portugês e espanhol, com indivíduos HIV positivos. Foram excluídos estudos inconclusivos. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente foram encontrados 3029 estudos dos quais 18 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Há forte característica de aumento de peso a grande taxa de sedentarismo, grande prevalência de mulheres acima do peso, com baixa escolaridade e idade variando de 38 a 50 anos, raça negra, solteiros, baixa renda e com baixa escolaridade ainda faziam uso de drogas ilícitas. Essas características estão presentes em mais de 60% dos pacientes com o fator clínico estudado. CONCLUSÃO: A introdução de medicamentos antirretrovirais no tratamento do HIV trouxe o aumento da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre os portadores de HIV/AIDS.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To know the literature on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. METHOD: This is an integrative review using the databases VHL, SciELO, LILACS, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE/PubMed according to the instrument conceived by Pompeo, Rossi and Galvão, using the descriptors in DeCS "overweight", "obesity", "hiv". Publications were selected between 2012 and 2020 in English, Portuguese and Spanish, with HIV positive individuals. Inconclusive studies were excluded. RESULTS: Initially, 3029 studies were found, of which 18 met the inclusion criteria. There is a strong characteristic of weight gain at a high rate of sedentary lifestyle, a high prevalence of overweight women, with low schooling and age ranging from 38 to 50 years, black race, single, low income and with low schooling still used illicit drugs. These characteristics are present in more than 60% of patients with the clinical factor studied. CONCLUSION: The introduction of antiretroviral drugs in hiv treatment has led to an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among HIV/AIDS patients.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Conocer la literatura sobre la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. METODO: Se trata de una revisión integradora utilizando las bases de datos VHL, SciELO, LILACS, Science Direct, Cochrane Library y MEDLINE/PubMed según el instrumento concebido por Pompeo, Rossi y Galvao, utilizando los descriptores de DeCS "sobrepeso", "obesidad", "hiv". Las publicaciones fueron seleccionadas entre 2012 y 2020 en inglés, portugués y español, con individuos seropositivos. Se excluyeron los estudios no concluyentes. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente, se encontraron 3029 estudios, de los cuales 18 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Hay una fuerte característica del aumento de peso a una alta tasa de estilo de vida sedentario, una alta prevalencia de mujeres con sobrepeso, con baja escolaridad y edad que van de 38 a 50 años, raza negra, soltero, de bajos ingresos y con baja escolarización todavía se utilizan drogas ilícitas. Estas características están presentes en más del 60% de los pacientes con el factor clínico estudiado. CONCLUSION: La introducción de medicamentos antirretrovirales en el tratamiento del vih ha dado lugar a un aumento de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad entre los pacientes con VIH/SIDA.(AU)

Síndrome lipodistrófica do HIV e seus fatores associados: um estudo em um hospital universitário / Lipodystrophic syndrome of HIV and associated factors: a study in a university hospital

Resumo O uso de antirretroviral aumentou a sobrevida dos portadores do HIV, porém pode acarretar efeitos colaterais, como a síndrome lipodistrófica. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a frequência da síndrome lipodistrófica e seus fatores associados em pacientes portadores do HIV em uso de terapia antiretroviral. Estudo transversal com pacientes acompanhados ambulatorialmente. A síndrome foi avaliada pela associação de dois parâmetros: emagrecimento periférico através da escala de gravidade de lipodistrofia e acúmulo de gordura central, mensurado pela relação cintura quadril. Para identificar as variáveis associadas foi realizada a análise de Regressão de Poisson. Dos 104 pacientes avaliados, 27,9% apresentaram a síndrome. Após ajuste, ser do sexo feminino (RPajustada = 2,16 IC95%1,43-3,39), ter excesso de peso (RPajustada = 2,23 IC95%1,35-2,65) e um maior tempo de uso dos antirretrovirais (RPajustada = 1,64 IC95%1,16-2,78) permaneceram positivamente associados à síndrome. Por outro lado, foi observada uma associação negativa com a contagem de CD4 £ 350 (RPajustada = 0,39 IC95%0,10-0,97). A alta prevalência da síndrome e sua associação com grupos específicos reforçam a necessidade do adequado acompanhamento e identificação precoce como forma de intervir nos fatores modificáveis.

Abstract The use of antiretroviral drugs has increased the survival of HIV patients, but may have side effects, such as lipodystrophic syndrome. This article aims to identify the frequency of the lipodystrophic syndrome and its associated factors in patients with HIV using antiretroviral therapy. It involved a cross-sectional study with HIV patients, monitored on an outpatient basis. The syndrome was evaluated by the association of two parameters: peripheral weight loss through the lipodystrophy severity scale and central fat accumulation, measured by the hip waist ratio. Poisson regression analysis was performed to identify the associated variables. Of the 104 patients evaluated, 27.9% presented the syndrome. After adjustment, the female sex (PRadjusted = 2.16 CI95% 1.43-3.39), being overweight (PRadjusted = 2.23 CI95% 1.35-2.65) and a longer period of use of antiretrovirals (PRadjusted = 1.64 CI95% 1.16-2.78), remained positively associated with the syndrome. On the other hand, a negative association with CD4 count £ 350 (PRadjusted = 0.39 CI95% 0.10-0.97) was observed The high prevalence of the syndrome and its association with specific groups reinforce the need for adequate follow-up and early identification to intervene in modifiable factors.

Influence of antiretroviral therapy on bone metabolism of patients with chronic hepatitis B: a review

Abstract Hepatitis B is a major public health problem worldwide and associated with significant mortality. To prevent or delay the deleterious effects of chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus, patients should be carefully followed, and antiviral therapy indicated according to specific recommendations. Currently, available drugs inhibit viral replication and slow or stop the progression of inflammation and fibrosis of the liver. However, the drugs for oral use in the treatment of hepatitis B, jointly referred to as nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, are indicated for prolonged use and have potential side effects. The reduction in bone mineral density was associated with the use of tenofovir, already evaluated in patients infected with HIV because the drug is also part of the therapeutic arsenal for this viral infection. There are few studies on the effects of tenofovir in patients with mono hepatitis B. Therefore, this literature review proposes to examine how hepatitis B acts in the body and the mechanisms by which antiretroviral drugs (especially tenofovir) can affect bone metabolism.

Effect of HIV and Antiretroviral Treatment on Auditory Functions

Abstract Introduction Numerous studies have evaluated auditory functions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients; however, these studies had a few major limitations in terms of methodology as they used mainly evoked audiometry although this method is expensive, time consuming and not widely available. Therefore, we conducted a study in naïve HIV subjects with routine audiometry. Objective To determine the effect of HIV and of the drugs used to treat it on the auditory functions. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in a medical college with 25 naive HIV-seropositive patients for over a year. Pure tone audiometry (250-8,000 Hz) and CD4 T-lymphocyte count were performed at the time of enrollment and 6 months after commencement of highly active antiretroviral treatment. Results The subjects had increased hearing thresholds at high frequencies (4 KHz and 8KHz) in both ears at the time of enrollment that persisted at the same level (p > 0.05) on follow-up at 6 months. None of the subjects had any other otological symptom during the 6 months of observation. Seven subjects had sensorineural hearing loss in one or both ears at 0 and 6 months. These observations did not show any significant difference on Wilcoxon-signed-rank test. Spearman correlation did not find a significant correlation (p > 0.05) between CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and pure tone audiometry during the study. Conclusion We found high-frequency hearing loss in all subjects with no relation with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and severity of the disease. This study advocates hearing assessment with pure tone audiometry in HIV subjects so that intervention can be initiated in a timely manner.

Reacciones adversas a medicamentos antirretrovirales en pacientes con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Adverse reactions to antirretroviral drugs in patients with the human inmunodeficiency virus

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 40 pacientes con VIH pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Frank País García de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a identificar las reacciones adversas a medicamentos antirretrovirales durante el primer semestre de 2018. En la casuística, la mayoría de las notificaciones las realizaron los especialistas en Medicina General Integral (61,4 por ciento), seguidos por los de Medicina Interna y los licenciados en Enfermería (8,8 y 17,6 por ciento, respectivamente); asimismo, entre los efectos adversos predominantes figuraron las náuseas, la cefalea y los mareos, fundamentalmente con los esquemas terapéuticos constituidos por lamivudina-zidovudina-nevirapina y zidovudina-nevirapina-efavirenz. Se concluye que durante el tratamiento antirretroviral la mayoría de dichas reacciones fueron clasificadas como definitivas, independientemente del esquema terapéutico prescrito y las enfermedades concomitantes.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 40 patients with HIV belonging to the Teaching Polyclinic Frank País García in Santiago de Cuba was carried out with the aim of identifying the adverse reactions to antirretroviral drugs during the first semester of 2018. Most of the notifications were carried out by specialists in Comprehensive General Medicine (61,4 percent) in the case material, followed by those of Internal Medicine and Licentiate in Nursing (8,8 and 17,6 percent, respectively); also, among the predominant adverse effects there were nauseas, migraine and sickness, fundamentally with the therapeutic schemes constituted by lamivudina-zidovudina-nevirapina and zidovudina-nevirapina-efavirenz. It is concluded that during antirretroviral treatment most of these reactions were classified as definitive, independently of the prescribed therapeutic scheme and the concomitant diseases.

Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers, carotid intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk in HIV-1 treatment-naive patients

Abstract INTRODUCTION Mortality among HIV patients is 3-15 times higher than that among the general population. Currently, most deaths are due to non-infectious diseases. Chronic inflammation and adverse events due to antiretroviral therapy play crucial roles in increasing cardiovascular risk (CVR). METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and inflammatory biomarkers (D-dimer, ADAMTS13, GDF-15, sICAM-1, MPO, myoglobin, NGAL, SAA, sVCAM-1, and p-selectin) among naïve patients. RESULTS: Sixty-seven participants were included: median age, 32 years; males, 82.1%; non-white, 61.1%; higher education level, 62.7%; and exposed to HIV through sexual relationship (men who have sex with men), 68.7%. The median viral load and LTCD4+ value were 42,033 copies/mL and 426 cells/mm³. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 16.4%; those of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were 3% and 70.1%, respectively. The CIMT was 494.08 (± 96.84mm). The mean vascular age was 33.2 ± 18.9 years, one year longer than the chronological age, without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The majority of participants had a low CVR (94%). After reclassification, considering the CIMT percentiles, 13 (19.4%) patients had medium/ high CVR, while 54 (80.6%) patients had low CVR. The difference between the proportions of CVR when considering the CIMT and its corresponding percentile was statistically relevant. Body mass index was the only predictor of higher CVR (p = 0.03). No biomarker was found to predict CVR. People living with HIV have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia before ARV therapy.

Efeitos adversos da profilaxia antirretroviral após exposição ocupacional ao HIV / Adverse effects of antiretroviral prophylaxis after occupational exposure to HIV

A exposição ocupacional a material biológico com risco de transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) constitui uma emergência médica. A profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) deve ser iniciada precocemente e mantida por 28 dias. Desde julho de 2015, o Ministério da Saúde passou a recomendar o uso combinado de três drogas antirretrovirais para a PEP, menos tóxicas e melhor toleradas do que as usadas anteriormente. Apesar disso, quase metade dos expostos em uso da PEP apresenta efeitos adversos. Geralmente, eles são leves e autolimitados. Os mais comuns são alterações gastrointestinais, astenia, cefaleia e tontura. Entretanto, eventos mais graves já foram observados e a taxa de interrupção da profilaxia permanece elevada. Em 2017, o Ministério da Saúde modificou o esquema de primeira linha da PEP, substituindo o terceiro antirretroviral. Esse artigo relata um caso de toxicidade associada ao uso da PEP após exposição ocupacional a material biológico contaminado pelo HIV, traz a revisão dos potenciais efeitos adversos das drogas antirretrovirais que compõem o esquema profilático preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde e discute a conduta do médico do trabalho diante dessas complicações.

Occupational exposure to biological materials involving risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is a medical emergency. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be started early and administered for 28 days. Since July 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends the combined use of three antiretroviral drugs for PEP, which are less toxic and better tolerated than the ones previously used. Nevertheless, almost half of the exposed individuals under PEP exhibit adverse effects, which are usually mild and self-limited. The most frequent adverse events are gastrointestinal disorders, asthenia, headache and dizziness. However, more severe events have been reported, and the rate of non-completion of prophylaxis remains high. In 2017, the Brazilian Ministry of Health modified the first-line PEP regimen involving replacement of the third antiretroviral drug. The present article reports a case of toxicity associated with PEP following an occupational accident involving exposure to HIV infected biological material. In addition, we review the potential adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs included in the prophylactic regimens recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and discuss measures occupational physicians should adopt vis-à-vis these complications

Prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in outpatients with HIV/AIDS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hypoalbuminemia may predict progression of disease and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with hypoalbuminemia in outpatients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 196 outpatients with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia was 11.7%. The only risk factor associated with hypoalbuminemia was current antiretroviral therapy (no exposure: odds ratio=3.46, 95% confidence interval=1.20-10.02). CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of plasma albumin is key to determine when antiretroviral therapy should be initiated in individuals not exposed to antiretroviral medicines.

Una concepción actualizada de la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral / An updated conception adherence to antiretroviral treatment

RESUMEN Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral es un aspecto importante a tener en cuenta para el mantenimiento de la salud del paciente con VIH/sida. Esta categoría es abordada por diferentes autores, por lo que se hace necesario un análisis valorativo de sus enfoques desde referentes en el contexto internacional y nacional. Objetivo: Sistematizar el término adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral, al considerar su relación en las condiciones actuales con la salud de una población vulnerable como el paciente con sida. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática para desarrollar un análisis crítico reflexivo del contenido de documentos, donde se consideraron tesis de doctorado, de maestría, artículos originales y de revisión. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron "adherencia", "tratamiento", "antirretrovirales", "adherencia terapéutica", siendo estas identificadas a través de DECs o de MeSH. Los criterios de inclusión para la selección de los artículos fueron: Artículos en español e inglés disponibles en los portales de datos seleccionados que presentaban adherencia a la temática, publicados entre los años 1997 y 2015 que presentaran de manera clara la metodología o referencial teórico seleccionado. Conclusiones: La indagación sobre la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral permitió definir operacionalmente esta categoría, son pocos los autores que la abordan; no obstante, los problemas que desafían la salud del paciente con VIH/sida en el contexto cubano condicionan la necesidad de promover la actualización del conocimiento en correspondencia con la situación internacional(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important to keep in mind for maintaining the health of patients with HIV/aids aspect. This category is approached by different authors, so an evaluative analysis of their referents approaches from international and national context is necessary. Objective: To systematize the term adherence to antiretroviral treatment, considering their relationship in the current health conditions of vulnerable populations such as patients with AIDS. Methods: Adherence, treatment, antiretroviral therapy adherence: content analysis of documents, which included original and review articles published from 1997 to 2015 in SciELO, Medisur, medigraphic and redalyc, with the following keywords performed. They were identified and reviewed 40 items, of which 24 were useful and monographs from various magazines that allowed the logical historical analysis of the evolution of the category. Conclusions: The inquiry on adherence to antiretroviral treatment allowed operationally define this category, few authors who addressed; however, problems that challenge the health of patients with HIV/aids in the Cuban context condition the need to promote the updating of knowledge in correspondence with the international situation(AU)

Alerte précoce de la pharmacorésistance du VIH au Togo

Introduction. Dans le cadre de l'ambition globale de mettre fin à l'épidémie du VIH, le Togo a débuté en 2016 la stratégie « Tester et traiter » proposée par l'ONUSIDA pour les cibles telles que les femmes enceintes, couples sérodiscordants, enfants, patients coinfectés TB/VIH, populations clés. Ainsi la stratégie nationale prévoit d'atteindre 90% de couverture de traitement antirétroviral (TARV) à l'horizon 2020. Le passage à grande échelle du TARV peut occasionner une augmentation du risque d'émergence des résistances du VIH aux ARV (RDVIH). La résistance pouvant mettre en échec l'impact de l'accélération en cours du Traitement ARV, nous avons évalué au Togo les indicateurs d'alerte précoce de la pharmacorésistance du VIH (IAP). C'est une stratégie reconnue efficiente dans les pays à ressources limitées pour assurer l'efficacité des protocoles antirétroviraux de première ligne moins dispendieux. Méthodologie. Nous avons en juin 2017 suivant les normes de l'OMS mené une étude rétrospective dans 80 sites de TARV représentatifs des 06 régions sanitaires du pays. Les cinq IAP suivants ont été étudiés : IAP1 : Retrait des médicaments ARV dans les délais ; avec comme seuils : Rouge <80% ; Orange 80­90% ; Vert >90%. IAP2 : Rétention sous TARV après 12 mois d'initiation du traitement avec pour seuils : Rouge <75%; Orange 75­85%; Vert >85%. IAP3 : Ruptures de stocks de médicaments avec comme seuils : Rouge <100%; Vert =100% sans rupture de stock en 2016, IAP4: Pratiques de prescription à l'initiation du traitement ARV avec comme seuils: Rouge <100%; Vert =100% de prescription conformes aux directives nationales. IAP5a : Couverture de réalisation des charges virales avec rendu des résultats avec comme seuils : Rouge < 70%, Vert > 70% des patients ayant une charge virale disponible à 12 mois de TARV. IAP5b: suppression de la charge virale à 12 mois avec pour seuils: Rouge <75%, Orange 75-90%, Vert >90% de suppression de charge virale à 12 mois de TARV, Résultats. Seuls 5468 patients (67%) ont retiré leurs médicaments dans les délais. Cependant 91% (3429/3767) des personnes initiées au TARV sont restées sous traitement douze mois après (IAP 2) mais seulement 5,2% (178/3429) des PVVIH dans le besoin ont eu accès à l'examen de la charge virale, (5a). Seuls 13 sites parmi les 36 ayant un score vert à l'IAP2 avaient atteint l'objectif de suppression de la charge virale (IAP 5b.). Seuls 63 sites sur les 80 ont atteint le seuil de l'IAP et 36/80 enquêtés ont pu atteindre l'objectif de l'IAP2. Conclusion. Nos résultats font craindre un risque d'émergence de la pharmaco-résistance du VIH sur le plan national. Les pratiques de dispensation sont conformes aux directives nationales, la rétention sous TARV à 12 mois est excellente, mais le respect des délais de retrait des médicaments ARV et les ruptures de stocks dans l'approvisionnement des ARV, constituent des facteurs majeurs dans plusieurs sites, pouvant permettre l'émergence de la pharmaco-résistance du VIH au Togo. La couverture de l'examen de la charge virale est très faible et nécessite en urgence d'être étendue

Pancreatitis inducida por drogas / DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE PANCREATITIS

Introducción. Las Reacciones Adversas Medicamentosas (RAM) son una de las principales causas de hospitalización y mortalidad en el sistema de salud (en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo), y la relevancia va creciendo año tras año. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia de pancreatitis aguda inducida por drogas y los grupos de drogas que más frecuentemente se ven involucrados. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo tomando como fuente una base de datos de farmacovigilancia del Hospital General de Agudos ¨Dr. Cosme Argerich¨ con información de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: Se detectaron siete casos de pancreatitis inducida por drogas de los cuales fueron dos por quimioterápicos (lapatinib e imatinib), tres por antirretrovirales, uno por inmunosupresores y uno por antihipertensivos (enalapril). En cinco casos fue necesaria la hospitalización y un evento fue mortal. Conclusión: De acuerdo a la bibliografía internacional, a pesar de que los fármacos son solo responsables del 1-2% de casos de pancreatitis aguda inducida por drogas, es importante destacar que es difícil encontrar la causalidad entre el fármaco y el cuadro del paciente, lo que lleva muchas veces a un subdiagnóstico como una pancreatitis idiopática. En el presente estudio, estos casos deben considerarse por su impacto, no solo a nivel de la salud del paciente

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) are nowadays an increasing problem in health systems and represents between the 4th and the 6th cause of death in developing countries. Drug induced pancreatitis in a rare ADR but reports are increasing with antiretroviral drugs and new antiviral and anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of drug ­ induced pancreatitis in a tertiary care hospital. We used a pharmacovigilance database applying de Naranjo Score for drug causality in adverse medical events. From a total of 2990 ADR we detected 7 cases of pancreatitis. Antiretroviral and anticancer drugs were the drugs most frequently involved.

Controversias sobre el rastreo de los niveles séricos de vitamina D y su suplementación / Controversies about serum vitamin D levels screening and its supplementation

Si bien los niveles bajos de vitamina D se han asociado con varios resultados de interés en salud, aún resulta motivo de controversia qué significa un nivel bajo, cual es la utilidad de su suplementación y cuales son sus potenciales efectos adversos. En ese contexto, se realizó en el Servicio de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria del Hospital Italiano un taller de discusión denominado "Actividad ECCO" (Evidencia Científica en la Clínica Cotidiana) en la que fueron presentados los resulta-dos de estudios identificados que hubieran comparado el uso de vitamina D (con o sin suplementación de calcio) ver-sus placebo, con el objetivo de discutir cuál es la evidencia actual para el rastreo de deficiencia de vitamina D y para, eventualmente, recomendar o no su suplementación. Este artículo resume la evidencia identificada y las conclusiones consensuadas en dicha actividad. (AU)

Although low levels of vitamin D have been associated with several health outcomes, it is controversial what a low level means, the usefulness of its supplementation and its potential adverse effects. In this context, a workshop called "ECCO Activity" (Scientific Evidence in the Daily Clinic) was held in the Family and Community Medicine Division of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, where the results of identified studies that compared the use of vitamin D (with or without calcium supplementation) versus placebo, with the aim of discussing what is the current evidence for screening of vitamin D deficiency and to, eventually, recommend or not its supplementation. This article summarizes the identified evidence and the agreed conclusions in that activity. (AU)

Vitamin D status in a Brazilian cohort of adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection

The purpose was to determine the prevalence and related factors of vitamin D (VitD) insufficiency in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus. A cohort of 65 patients (17.6 ± 2 years) at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were examined for pubertal development, nutrition, serum parathormone and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [s25(OH)D]. s25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL (< 75 nmol/L) were defined as VitD insufficiency. CD4+ T-cell counts and viral load, history of worst clinical status, immunologic status as nadir, current immunologic status, and antiretroviral (ART) regimen were also evaluated as risk factors for VitD insufficiency. Mean s25(OH)D was 37.7 ± 13.9 ng/mL and 29.2% had VitD insufficiency. There was no difference between VitD status and gender, age, nutritional status, clinical and immunological classification, and type of ART. Only VitD consumption showed tendency of association with s25(OH)D (p = 0.064). Individuals analysed in summer/autumn season had a higher s25(OH)D compared to the ones analysed in winter/spring (42.6 ± 14.9 vs. 34.0 ± 11.9, p = 0.011). Although, the frequency of VitD insufficiency did not differ statistically between the groups (summer/autumn 17.9% vs. winter/spring 37.8%, p = 0.102), we suggest to monitor s25(OH)D in seropositive adolescents and young adults, especially during winter/spring months, even in sunny regions.

Antiretrovirals and Co-Prescribed Drugs for People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a University Teaching Hospital; South West Nigeria

Background: Lifelong usage of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) put them among the most therapeutically risky drugs for clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs). It is; therefore; essential to document the types of antiretroviral (ARV) and non-ARV drugs co-prescribed (CPD) for PLWHA in order to facilitate the assessment of clinical significance of their interactions. Objectives: To document the most commonly prescribed ARV drugs and CPD among PLWHA and to assess the frequency of prescriptions of the first; second and third lines ART regimen. Methods: All the prescriptions received between January 2009 and June 2014 totaling 22;458 from 500 patients registered in APIN clinic in 2009; were reviewed with a view to documenting the most and the least prescribed CPD and ARV drugs. Results: Zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (AZT/3TC/NVP) (4996/9302; 53.71%) was the most commonly prescribed ART regimen followed by tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz (TDF/FTC/EFV) (1468/9302; 15.78%)and zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz (AZT/3TC/EFV) (683/9302; 7.34%). Abacavir/lamivudine/saquinavir/ritonavir (ABC/3TC (SQV/RTV) (1/9302; 0.01%) was the least prescribed ART regimen. The first line ART regimens (8574/9302; 92.17%) were mostly prescribed; followed by the second line (698/9302; 9.5%). Cotrimoxazole (7546/9302; 81.12%) was the most common non-ARV drug co-prescribed with ART regimen; followed by multivitamin (433/9302; 4.65%) and rifampin (316/9302; 3.40%). Conclusion: Co-trimoxazole was the most commonly co-prescribed non-ARV drug. Zidovudine/ lamivudine/nevirapine was the most commonly prescribed ART regimen. Considering the wide range of non- ARV drugs co-prescribed with ART regimens in this study; evaluation of their potential interactions is hereby suggested

O uso de Modelos de Equações Estruturais na análise dos principais mecanismos de desenvolvimento de lipodistrofia em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS / The use of Structural Equation Modeling analysis of main lipodystrophy development mechanisms in people living with HIV / AIDS

A tese tem por objetivo identificar diferentes padrões: resposta imunológica através das trajetórias da carga viral, CD4 e os regimes de tratamento com antirretrovirais e verificar associação com o desenvolvimento de lipodistrofia (LD). Estudou-se uma coorte prospectiva de 912 pacientes, durante cinco anos, com mensurações repetidas de CD4 e carga viral. Utilizou-se análise de equações estruturais com uso de classes latentes para identificar o modelo com o melhor número de trajetórias de CD4, carga viral, regime tratamento e drogas antirretrovirais com base em parâmetros estatísticos, e a associação dessas trajetórias com o desenvolvimento de LD por meio de regressão logística. A prevalência da LD na primeira reavaliação foi 40,6%, chegando a 77,6%. As trajetórias déficit imunológico temporário, déficit imunológico mantido e carga viral alta mostraram associação com o desenvolvimento de LD na análise univariada; depois de controladas pelos fatores de confusão, apenas déficit imunológico mantido e carga viral alta permaneceram associadas. As variáveis compostas proxy da reconstituição imunológica e da imunodeficiência, apresentaram forte associação com a LD. Agrupando essas duas últimas variáveis em uma categoria, encontra-se uma forte associação com a LD. Na análise do tratamento antirretroviral observou-se que os regimes Inibidor de Transcriptase Reversa análogos de Nucleosídeos (ITRN)+ Inibidor de Transcriptase Reversa não análogos de Nucleosídeos (ITRNN) estavam associados ao desenvolvimento da LD e não havia diferença entre os indivíduos tratados e não tratados. Entre as classes latentes verificou-se associação com o desenvolvimento da LD dos regimes ITRN+ITRNN e das drogas Lamivudina (3TC)+Zidovudina (AZT)+Nevirapina (NVP) e 3TC+Tenofovir (TDF)+Efavirenz (EFV). O uso das trajetórias permitiu identificar padrões de resposta imunológica e o envolvimento do regime ITRNN associados à LD, e esta pode ocorrer devido à exposição à TARV ou apenas pela exposição ao HIV. Os modelos de equações estruturais mostraram superar as ferramentas tradicionais que, apesar de eficientes, muitas vezes não são sensíveis suficiente para detectar possíveis características ou comportamentos implícitos

The thesis aims to identify different patterns: immune response through the paths of viral load and CD4, treatment regimens and antiretroviral drug combinations and verify association with the development of lipodystrophy (LD).This was a cohort of 912 patients followed up over a period of 5years, with repeated CD4 count and viral load measurements. A structural equation analysis was conducted to identify the model with the bestnumber of CD4, viral load, treatment regimen and antiretroviral drugstrajectories, based on statistical parameters (entropy and bic), and through logistic regression, the association of these trajectories with the development of lipodystrophy. The prevalence of LD on the first visit after baseline assessment of cohort was 40.6% reaching 77.6%. The trajectories temporary immune gap, sustainedimmune gapand high viral load were associated with the development of LD in the univariate analysisand, after control for confounders, only sustained immune gap and high viral load remained associated. Composite proxy variables of immune reconstitution and immunodeficiency, suggesting the underlying inflammation, demonstratedanassociation with the LD, despite the wide confidence interval. Grouping the twolastvariables into one category, we encountereda strong association with LD. In the analysisof antiretroviral treatment (ART), it was observed that the Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) +Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)regimens were associated with the development of the LD and there was no difference between treated and untreated individuals. Among the latent classes found an association of the NRTI+NNRTI regimens and combination of drugs lamivudine (3TC) +zidovudine (AZT) +nevirapine (NVP)and tenofovir (TDF) +3TC+efavirenz (EFV)with the development of LD. The use of trajectories allowed us to identifythe immunologicalresponse patterns and the involvement of NNRTI regimeassociated with the LD and that LD can occur due to ART exposure or just by HIV virus exposure. The structural equation modeling showed to overcome the traditional tools which although effective, are often not sensitive enough to detect possible features or implied behavior.

Manifestaciones dermatológicas asociadas a la infección por VIH/SIDA / Dermatologic manifestations associated with HIV/AIDS

The ongoing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic coupled with more efficacious and available treatments has led to a larger number of patients living with HIV or AIDS. As a result, skin manifestations related to HIV/AIDS or its therapy have become increasingly more common and are reported to occur in as many as 95% of patients. Herein, we review the most common HIV/AIDS related cutaneous pathologies and classify them into inflammatory, HAART-associated, neoplastic, and infectious manifestations. Cutaneous manifestations should be promptly recognized and treated by physicians and health care personnel in order to provide optimal care.

La epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) sumado al mayor acceso a terapias antiretrovirales (TARV) han llevado a un aumento del número y la sobrevida de pacientes que viven con esta infección crónica. Se estima que hasta 95% de los pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA presentarán alguna manifestación cutánea, por lo cual, debemos conocerlas. En la presente revisión se estudiarán las manifestaciones cutáneas de la infección por el VIH/SIDA clasificadas como: manifestaciones inflamatorias, manifestaciones asociadas a la TARV, manifestaciones neoplásicas y manifestaciones infecciosas asociadas a infección por VIH/SIDA (bacterianas, virales, fúngicas y parasitarias). Estas manifestaciones deben ser reconocidas por los médicos y el personal de salud a cargo del tratamiento y control de los pacientes con esta patología crónica.

HIV infection, bone metabolism, and fractures / Infecção pelo HIV, o metabolismo ósseo e fraturas

With the advent of high active antiretroviral therapy there was a significant improvement on HIV subjects survival. Thus, bone changes related to HIV became an important aspect of these individuals. HIV affects bone remodeling causing bone fragility. In addition, antiretroviral therapy may also negatively affect bone metabolism. Several studies describe an increased incidence of fractures in these patients when compared with controls without the disease. The European Society of AIDS (EACS), and other societies, have included guidance on management of osteoporosis in HIV-infected patients emphasizing the identification of patients with low bone mass. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D and the use of alendronate in these individuals should be recommended on a case base.

Com o advento da terapia antirretroviral, houve uma melhora considerável na sobrevida dos indivíduos portadores do vírus HIV. Dessa forma, as alterações ósseas referentes ao HIV se tornaram um fator importante no cuidado desses indivíduos. O HIV altera o remodelamento ósseo causando fragilidade óssea. As alterações causadas por esse vírus nos linfócitos T afetam a produção de RANKL e de citocinas pró-inflamatórias levando à osteoclastogênese. Ademais, a terapia antirretroviral também pode afetar negativamente o metabolismo ósseo. Vários estudos descrevem aumento da incidência de fraturas nesses indivíduos quando comparados a controles sem a doença. Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de SIDA (EACS) têm orientado o manejo da osteoporose nesses sujeitos, enfatizando a identificação de pacientes com baixa massa óssea. A suplementação de cálcio e vitamina D e o uso de alendronato nesses indivíduos devem ser recomendados caso a caso.